Aboriginal Education - Culture - Curriculum and Change

The Best, Most Famous Plays by Harold Pinter

The Best, Most Famous Plays by Harold Pinter Conceived: October tenth, 1930 (London, England) Kicked the bucket: December 24th, 2008 â€Å"I’ve always been unable to compose an upbeat play, however I’ve had the option to appreciate a cheerful life.† - Harold Pinter Satire of Menace To state that Harold Pinter’s plays are despondent is a gross modest representation of the truth. Most pundits have marked his characters â€Å"sinister† and â€Å"malevolent.† The activities inside his plays are hopeless, desperate, and intentionally without reason. The crowd leaves befuddled with a nauseous inclination †an uncomfortable sensation, as if you should accomplish something horrendously significant, yet you can’t recollect what it was. You leave the auditorium somewhat upset, somewhat energized, and more than bit uneven. What's more, that’s simply the way Harold Pinter needed you to feel. Pundit Irving Wardle utilized the term, â€Å"Comedies of Menace† to portray Pinter’s sensational work. The plays are filled by serious exchange that appears to be separated from any kind of piece. The crowd infrequently knows the foundation of the characters. They don’t even know whether the characters are coming clean. The plays do offer a predictable subject: control. Pinter depicted his sensational writing as an examination of â€Å"the ground-breaking and the powerless.† In spite of the fact that his previous plays were practices in preposterousness, his later shows turned out to be unmistakably political. During the most recent decade of his life, he concentrated less on composing and more on political activism (of the left-wing assortment). In 2005 he won the Nobel Prize for Literature. During his Nobel address he expressed: â€Å"You need to hand it to America. It has practiced a very clinical control of intensity worldwide while taking on the appearance of a power for general good.† Governmental issues aside, his plays catch a nightmarish power that shocks the theater. Here is a concise glance at the best of Harold Pinter’s plays: The Birthday Party (1957) A troubled and rumpled Stanley Webber could possibly be a piano player. It might possibly be his birthday. He could conceivably know the two wickedly bureaucratic guests that have come to scare him. There are numerous vulnerabilities all through this dreamlike show. In any case, one thing is unequivocal: Stanley is a case of a feeble character battling against incredible elements. (What's more, you can most likely think about who is going to win.) The Dumbwaiter (1957) It has been said that this one demonstration play was the motivation for the 2008 film In Bruges. Subsequent to survey both the Colin Farrell film and the Pinter play, it is anything but difficult to see the associations. â€Å"The Dumbwaiter† uncovers the occasionally exhausting, here and there tension ridden lives of two assassins †one is a prepared proficient, the other is more up to date, more uncertain of himself. As they stand by to get orders for their next savage task, something rather odd occurs. The dumbwaiter at the rear of the room persistently drops down food orders. Be that as it may, the two contract killers are in a grungy storm cellar †there’s no food to get ready. The more the food orders endure, the more the professional killers turn on one another. The Caretaker (1959) In contrast to his previous plays, The Caretaker was a money related triumph, the first of numerous business victories. The full-length play happens totally in a decrepit, one-room loft possessed by two siblings. One of the siblings is intellectually impaired (evidently from electro-stun treatment). Maybe on the grounds that he isn’t exceptionally brilliant, or maybe out of benevolence, he brings a stray into their home. A powerplay starts between the vagrant and the siblings. Each character speaks enigmatically about things they need to achieve in their life †however not one of the characters satisfies his statement. The Homecoming (1964) Envision you and your significant other travel from America to your old neighborhood in England. You acquaint her with your dad and common laborers siblings. Sounds like a pleasant family get-together, correct? Indeed, presently envision your testosterone-frantic family members propose that your significant other forsake her three youngsters and remain on as a whore. And afterward she acknowledges the offer! That’s the sort of curved pandemonium that happens all through Pinter’s shrewd Homecoming. Bygone eras (1970) This play outlines the adaptability and uncertainty of memory. Deeley has been hitched to his better half Kate for more than two decades. However, he evidently doesn't have a deep understanding of her. At the point when Anna, Kate’s companion from her far off bohemian days, shows up they start discussing the past. The subtleties are ambiguously sexual, yet it appears that Anna had a sentimental relationship with Deeley’s spouse. Thus starts a verbal fight as each character describes what they recall about days of old †however it’s dubious whether those recollections are a result of truth or creative mind.

Top 100 Hospital Free Essays

What makes a best 100 Hospital http://www. resource4pharmacymalpractice. com/carelessness. We will compose a custom paper test on Top 100 Hospital or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now html http://www. ccohs. ca/oshanswers/legisl/msdss. html#_1_1 What makes a best 100 Hospital Toi Lynn Santamaria DeVry University HSM310 online Professor Tammy Cagle What makes a main 100 Hospital The Cleveland Clinic is in the best 20 of the best 100 Hospitals. Its official position is fourth. The Cleveland Clinic is praising 90 years of magnificent help. It opened its entryways February 28th 1921. It was established by four Doctors, Dr. George Crile, Dr. Honest Bunts. Dr. William Lower and Dr. John Phillips. In 1921 it was the main emergency clinic of its sort, a not-revenue driven gathering practice devoted to tolerant consideration upgraded by research and training. (http://myclevelandclinic. organization/90th-commemoration. aspx). The Hospital was worked with all the most recent gear accessible around then. The Cleveland Clinic rapidly grew out of its structure having more included the years to come. The Cleveland Clinic has achieved numerous clinical first. The Worlds first cine-coronary angiography, the primary distributed coronary conduit sidestep medical procedure, first fruitful larynx transplant and the first close to add up to confront transplant. (http://myclevelandclinic. rg/90th-commemoration. aspx). Disaster was likewise a piece of the past for the Cleveland Clinic. On May 15, 1929 more than 120 individuals passed on from a blast of x-beam film put away in the storm cellar. One of the authors, John Phillips likewise kicked the bucket from the exhaust . Straight to the point Bunts had passed on abruptly years sooner. The medical clinic was in a condition of ruin. However, the two residual originators Dr. Crile and Dr. Lower utilized their own resources for reconstruct the Cleveland center. Today it has more than 37,000 representatives, 16 wellbeing communities and 9 territorial medical clinics. 4 areas, one in Cleveland , Florida, Nevada and Canada with another opening in 2013 in Abu Dhabi. They are devoted to their patients. They give network effort and health programs. They are an instructing emergency clinic through the Lerner inquire about establishment school. They have individuals from everywhere throughout the world going to them for care. From the rich and well known to the common individual. They give wellbeing and health webcasts and online wellbeing talks. I feel the Cleveland Clinic is one of the main 100 Hospitals for some reasons. For one it has stood the trial of time being in administration for a long time. They have 16 claims to fame and 26 organizations. They are on the main edge of innovation and an innovator in clinical advancements. They offer back to their locale. They are associated through a mind boggling framework through the web. Clinical records can be seen online just as arrangements can be set up through the web. They keep on doing examination to help battle ailments. They are a world head in heart care. They draw in the most splendid personalities to come work for them. They are not as keen on benefits as they are in the nature of care they provide for every patient. They likewise care for their representatives from the Doctors to the janitors. It’s an extraordinary work environment based on a phenomenal notoriety of care. A large number of lives have been spared. They are one of the biggest clinic on the planet. They are positioned inside the best 22 of every 16 different claims to fame in the United States. In the event that I had some ailment be it coronary illness or malignant growth I couldn't imagine anything better than to be treated at this emergency clinic. I trust I would have a superior result and individual consideration that is incredible. The four authors would be pleased with what the Cleveland Clinic has become. References The Cleveland Clinic site recovered on November 20,2011 from http://my. clevelandclinic. organization/90th-commemoration. aspx The most effective method to refer to Top 100 Hospital, Essay models

Principals Of Financial Markets Assignment â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine About The Principals Of Financial Markets Group Assignment? Answer: Presentation Economy of Australia is created comprising of biggest blended market economy with a GDP of AUD$1.69 trillion in 2017(Australia, 2010). Australia however a little country is second wealthiest economy post Switzerland. Australia is appraised as fourteenth biggest economy as per its GDP. It has had stable GDP since a drawn out timeframe and contains twentieth biggest exporter. As of late Australia had encountered negative development related with easing back down of its lodging division and administration part development. Essential giver of Australian GDP are Services 61.1%, Mining 6.9%, Construction 8.1%, Agriculture 2.2% and Manufacturing 6.0%. Swelling recorded for the nation is at 1.9% for its June quarter 2017(Atkinson, 2007). The nation has a steady money Australian Dollars and a stable budgetary market. The nation has roughly a work power including 12.6 million and joblessness rates are at 5.6%. Australian aircraft industry is tremendous area that is commanded by two f its golia th carriers Virgin and Qantas Airways. The business is quickly developing with development in the travel industry fragment and has appended a few undertakings for clients for making more noteworthy circle of administrations. The Australian economy Business has given different crucial monetary variables that has permitted development and advancement in this section of business(Ravenhill, 2007). The extent of the present investigation examinations industry predominant conditions in carrier industry and two ASX recorded organizations in particular Virgin Airlines and Qantas Airways. A few smaller scale and large scale factors are considered inside the economy that gives directional changes to it and furthermore make an incentive in its bunny costs. Virgin Airlines Virgin Australia Airlines Pty Ltd was before known as Virgin Blue Airlines, which was established in 1999. It is viewed as second biggest carrier in Australia and is biggest as indicated by its present armada size(www.virginaustralia.com, Retrieved on fourteenth September 2017). The Company was helped to establish by Richard Branson and was recently situated in Bowen Hills, Brisbane. Statement of purpose for the Company is to become Australias most loved carrier. At The Company has a few centers spread across Australia, it essentially centers around Adelaide Airport, Perth Airport and Gold Coast Airport with armada size of more than 115 covering 52 goals. Current income profit for the Company is AUD$ 4.7 billion while working pay is AUD$ - 49 million. The Company contends with Qantas Airlines and furthermore a few other carrier administrators from worldwide that works in Australia. Qantas Airways Qantas Airways is the leader bearer of Australia, which was established in 1920 in Winton, Queensland, Australia(www.qantas.com, Retrieved on fourteenth September 2017). The aircraft covers different goals across Australia and all around and its center points are situated in Australia. Strategic Qantas Airlines is lead being Australias premium carrier and being constantly devoted to the best. It has more than 122 working armadas covering 85 goals all inclusive. Its present base camp is at Mascot in Sydney. The Company earned an income of AUD$15.8 billion of every 2015, though its working pay was AUD$975 million. It has an enormous base of representatives 28,622. Top-down Analysis Generally monetary circumstance winning will undoubtedly affect on an organizations business development and related exercises. Top-down methodology inside an economy investigations bigger picture by mulling over littler elements(Bhringer, 2008). Speculators, with a more extensive perspective on the economy, regularly select this procedure. It permits picking of stocks from developing markets or from financial circumstances that are increasingly common to development for organizations. It analyze more extensive financial viewpoints for creating a perspective. The methodology is centered around examining macroeconomic picture from the outset at that point examinations industry explicit condition. Australia offers a possibly alluring business sector with stable parameters that are helpful for its development. In this methodology GDP, exchange balance, cash developments, premiums rates and swelling alongside other monetary explicit variables for investigation of patterns in the economy. Gross domestic product The total national output (GDP) for Australia is at 1204.62 billion US dollars, which involves 1.94% of the world economy(Dwyer, 2010). The parts that add to the GDP of Australia has just been examined above, which is relied upon to rise yearly. Figure 1: Australia GDP Source: (tradingeconomics.com, Australia GDP, Retreieved on fourteenth Septemeber 2017) Ostensible GDP of Australia is $1.258 trillion and PPP balanced GDP is at $1.187 as indicated by IMF. Its GDP development rate is at 1.8% every year and its per capita GDP is at $51,850 ostensible with PPP balanced GDP being at $48,899. It has picked up per capita GDP rank of twelfth world over. Essential predominance in the Australian division is by administrations which involves a 61.1%(Li, 2013). The stock trade in the nation is sixteenth biggest in the entire world. It has probably the biggest loan cost exchanged subordinates. As of late the GDP of the nation has dunked which has brought about low buying power among shoppers. This has influenced the travel industry part in a huge way, particularly the aircraft business. Carrier establishes a huge piece of the administration business, which has been influenced, prompting bringing down of GDP(Garnett, 2008). Rising joblessness, rising populace, brought down creation in the nation has colossally influenced yield prompting drop in GD P. With ascending of individuals losing employment, less number of individuals presently have buying capacity to fly via carrier, which has thus affected aircraft industry as a rule. Cash Movement Australian Dollar is moderately a steady money, which is exchanged comprehensively. Prior patterns delineates that Australian money had a genuinely fluctuating pattern when contrasted with different nations however as of late it has had the option to balance out its cash situation. It is however substantial just in Australia and a few pieces of New Zealand(Borenstein, 2014). The cash exchanges at very steady rates and increasing fares with bringing down of advances have made the money more grounded. Figure 2: Australian Currency Rate Source: (www.rba.gov.au, Retrieved on fourteenth Sepetember 2017) Late patterns portray the cash becoming more fragile when contrasted with USD which has prompted huge number of travelers buying tickets from the airlines(Baker, 2015). Because of carrier ticket getting progressively reasonable when contrasted with tickets of different aircrafts, more travelers are happy to purchase tickets of Virgin and Qantas to travel to different areas. Correspondingly when the money develops o be more grounded, at that point deals of ticket for the aircraft drops altogether. Financing costs Financing costs are a foreordaining factors for monetary development and security. Loan costs in Australia are dictated by its Reserve Bank which has focuses for its money rate for the time being reserves. It is utilized as an instrument in the fiscal approach which applies power over money rate and monetary market operations(Oxenbridge, 2010). RBB in Australia settles on choice with respect to money rate focus for keeping up satisfactory liquidity in the market. Financing cost in Australia is kept up at levels to keep up liquidity and control paces of expansion. In spite of the fact that in the past Australia had encountered high paces of loan costs lately it has been brain science. Loan fees in Australia had been altogether higher in the past contrasted with ongoing trends(De Neufville, 2008). Current patterns in Australia portrays interests paces of the nation to associate with spread of 1.2%. - 1.7%. Figure 3: Australia Interest Rates Source: (www.businessinsider.com, Retreived on fourteenth Spetember 2017) At such low loan costs, organizations can bring capital up paying off debtors structure all the more effectively when contrasted with value capital(Wiedmann, 2009). Low degrees of financing costs are helpful for monetary development, dependability and thriving. Higher loan fees then again mirror an obligation ridden economy. The extent of the present investigation delineates that Virgin and Qantas Airlines can without much of a stretch raise obligation capital at lower expenses of capital, with lower adjusting rates for their extension or different undertakings. Expansion Expansion decides buying intensity of purchasers and should be evaluated for deciding relative adequacy of the economy(Shahiduzzaman, 2014). Expansion is a determinant factor in the Australian economy that envelops and surveys buying power. Australia has had enormous number of migrants previously, however at present its populace patterns are declining and maturing populace have moderately lower buying power when contrasted with more youthful age. Joblessness has likewise truly influenced the economy prompting low buying power in people groups hands. Buyer costs is rising continually in Australia to 1.9 %, which showcases a period of a multi year high range. Prior swelling was around 2.2 %, economic situations as bringing down interest in lodging business sector and transport has prompted such declining rates. Figure 4: Australian Inflation Rate Source: (tradingeconomics.com, Australia Inflation, Retreived on fourteenth September 2017) Increment in buyer swelling has been essentially lower as of late with ascend in work misfortunes and redistributing in the economy. A lot of Australian economy is confronting noteworthy once-over due to re-appropriating of occupation offshore(Thurlow, 2007). With bringing down of buying power in hands of buyers with comparable viewpoint for the future, the economy is additionally expected to endure. With low degrees of buying power request related with carrier ticket and related organizations are relied upon to fall later on. There is a negative standpoint in the Australian economy for the future, particularly with respect to shopper related requests. Large scale financial conditions are hindrance for any development related factors in any division particularly in the administration. As both the organizations in analy

Hidden Benefits and Detriments of Complaining

Hidden Benefits and Detriments of Complaining Stress Management Management Techniques Print Hidden Benefits and Detriments of Complaining By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on January 06, 2020 How Stress Impacts Your Health Overview Signs of Burnout Stress and Weight Gain Benefits of Exercise Stress Reduction Tips Self-Care Practices Mindful Living Peter Dazeley/Getty Images Many effective stress management techniques focus on the benefits of a positive outlook. Positive thinking brings great benefits, and a cheerful attitude can be contagious in the most enjoyable way. A constant focus on the negative can obscure many of the joys of life, can dampen an attitude of gratitude, and can be experienced as an energy drain to others. That said, complaining is a pastime that can be found in most groups, if not most people. There are some stress-relieving benefits to complaining, though they diminish when complaining slips into a more serious mode of anger and rumination. Voicing frustrations in small doses, however, does have its place as a stress reliever. Here are some of the reasons why people are often prone to complaining. Sometimes We Need to Vent Like a shaken bottle of carbonated goodness, when we are under pressure, we can sometimes feel the urge to explode in complaints. Letting it all out can relieve the inner tension we feel from a difficult situation, and help us feel ready to face the next frustration. Sometimes we just need to blow off steam by expressing ourselves. Validation Feels Good Often when we are frustrated or feel wronged in some way, feeling emotional validation from another person is like a salve for our bruised egos. Hearing someone say, I know how you feel. Id be frustrated too! can feel like a warm hug. After getting some quick validation, like scraped-up children who have just received a kiss from mom, we feel confident to venture back out and face our problems. Solutions Can Feel Even Better Approaching a problem as a team can pool the strengths of several people at once. Complaining to others about what is bothering you opens you up to their input, and perhaps some solutions you hadnt thought of. People often engage in complaining as a way to ask for help. We May Need Another Perspective When we are too close to a situation, it is common to see only our own perspective and to see the problems we face as magnified and sometimes distorted. Sometimes it helps to tell a trusted friend what we are facing and see if there is something were not seeing, or if theres a different way to look at the same situation. If we are open to hearing new input, it can be quite helpful to step outside of our own point of view and see what others think of our complaints. The Benefits of Getting a New Perspective Sometimes looking at something in a different way can dissolve our anger and frustrations, or can open up new solutions and possibilities for coping. We May Need to Build Motivation Sometimes we know we need to make a change  but simply arent ready to take the risks and put in the effort quite yet. We need to build motivation. Focusing on what is difficult about a situation can be a way to build motivation to make a change. Its part of the process of getting there. Complaining Gets Things Done Just as the squeaky wheel gets the oil, sometimes voicing ones complaints is a way to get things fixed. If you complain to someone who is in a position to make changes, and if you use a diplomatic approach, complaining in this way can be much more effective in relieving stress than  saying nothing, since the polite complaint approach can get results. Complaining, however, can be damaging as well. When a few venting sessions turn into a continual habit, or a few people venting their frustrations turns into a group of constant complainers, we get into more stress-inducing territory. Here are some of the pitfalls of too much complaining. Focus on the Problem, Not Potential Solutions While complaining can be a means to build motivation, it does keep the focus on the problem rather than on potential solutions. If you spend too much time complaining, you can work yourself into a place of resigned acceptance, of sheer rage, or of feeling stuck, rather than of motivation to change. Pessimistic Outlook Research shows that there are many benefits to an optimistic outlook  and pitfalls to a pessimistic one. Attitudes can work like habitsâ€"we get used to thinking a certain way, and we start automatically taking that perspective. A habitual focus on the negative can bring a habitually pessimistic perspective. Free-Floating Anger When you focus on the things about which people chronically complain, you risk becoming more and angrier. This anger can take on a life of its own, and you can start feeling more angry about more and more things. This anger can lead to relationship and health issues and is not good for you. Negative Groups Complaining can be contagious. What might start as a group of people offering one another validation and solidarity can sometimes begin to resemble an angry mob. If you find that you and your friends habitually complain about the same things and dont feel better afterward, it may be time to look at new topics of focus. Drain on Others If you dont have the support of the group, this can be detrimental as well. Those who frequently complain can be experienced as energy vampires by others. Be careful that your complaints dont become so heavy that they overwhelm your listener. The problems we complain about often need solutions, and the stress of these challenges must be minimized and managed. Clearly, complaining has some benefits and can be a way to relieve stress, in small doses. But excessive complaining about the problems, big or small, just isnt an effective solution. Cut out complaining, and youre much more likely to see the world with optimism and gratitude.

Architects role in designing museums - Free Essay Example

THE MUSEUM AND THE CITY: AN EMBODIMENT OF CULTURAL IDENTITY OF THE CITY IN WHICH IT STANDS INTRODUCTION As society enters a new century, many cultures have recond to an age of globalisation and, in turn, are embracing the idea of contemporary living. This results in the development of cutting-edge technology, new methods of communication, and the rapid growth of cities, causing indigenous culture of cities to increasingly blend. The desire to embrace this dynamic compels many architects to consider ways of creating architecture truly representative of a wide range of humanity. These new advances create city growth, impacting on urban form and the design process of the public institutions, including museums, which is what this dissertation will primarily explore. The result is to extend the range of materials, forms, cultural references and social thinking available to museum architecture. But does this create an uninspired sameness, where some identities are being ignored and/or distorted? Where the notion of cultures integrating really means the identity struggle between the dominants and the dominated? One could speculate that now, more rapidly than before, the architecture of the museum and the city simultaneously evolve to meet the cultural identity of the people. But are these buildings, in fact representative of the national identity of a city or the individuality of the architect? This dissertation investigates the architects role in designing museums, establishing to what extent the design reflects or stems from the cultural identity of the city. The relationship between the museum and the city in which to belongs is complex. In order to establish an understanding, the study consults a wide range of resources that address issues of cultural identity within a museums national and civic perspective. Additionally, the research made reference to economic and political issues regarding museums, the study of how globalisation is reflected within a cultural and affects architecture, and case studies to support the statement that architects may intend for their museum designs to be representations of a cultural identity within the city. There are now new ways of experiencing, interpreting and remembering. The contemporary architecture of museums are a strong medium of cultural memory, developing from the museums traditional forms as monuments symbolising the power of key individuals within a society, into an expressive entity that creates dialogue between its contents and urban context. The otherwise conventional manner of designing develops into a world of contradictions, assorted rhythms and new ideas of beauty in the design of museums. The physicality of the building represents that of theatrical effects, incorporating contemporary elements of architectural form as a method of entertainment, whilst engaging the interest of the citys individuals and of those from further afield. Millions are drawn to what is no longer a dying institution, but a visual destination for the public, in a form that encompasses the societys identity. One can assume this is influenced by the cultural pluralism within the buildings city c ontext, and considering the many identities as a plural identity. The diverse elements are woven into a sustainable, integrated spatial fabric that contributes to the life of the city. An approach which allows architectural freedom for a building type that has been described by some sources as overlooked by the public. Due to this studys word restriction, it is not possible to evaluate in detail more than four relevant case studies. This limitation resulted in the careful consideration of case studies varying in terms of locality and architect. Furthermore, due to time restrictions, it was not possible to carry out additional primary research which could have entailed supplementary site visits to the investigated case studies and additional data found in initial research methods such as interviews and questionnaires. The dissertations methodology consists of individually exploring and studying four case studies against the dissertations argument, in order to then properly conclude whether it can be proven to be accurate. These case studies pose as cultural barometers, where during investigation they help assess the extent in which they fulfill a citys cultural identity. The examination method entails drawing on a combination of primary research such as site visits to secondary research, drawing on existing written information from books, articles and online sources. The case studies follow a chronological order, beginning with Chapter One: Frank Gehrys Bilbao Guggenheim, a museum which initiated an influence on the case studies that have followed such as Chapter Two: Daniel Libeskinds Jewish War Museum, Chapter 3: Herzog and de Meurons Tate Modern London and Chapter 4: Zaha Hadids Contemporary Arts Centre. To further develop whether an architects design of contemporary museums truly reflect the citys cultural identity, each case study is analysed in th light of the following issues: Globalisation outlines whether certain cultural identities are lost or just changing within the museums civic context, especially as cities more than nations contend to draw global attention through these culturally significant public buildings. The sub-chapter concerning National and Civic Identity explores how culture influences in terms of the architectural context of the museum in a national and civic perspective. This provides a framework for exploring how architects use ideas about culture and cultural contradictions to create the structures and spaces to engage a society. The issue will discover how the design of the museum is a task of seeking an image essentially of ourselves. Style and Identity of the Architect briefly examines how the architects own identity, who themselves are either travelers or immigrants, insiders/outsiders of the city in which they design for, influences the ultimate design of the citys museum along with their own architectural style. Economy and Poli tics is a sub-chapter concerning who pays, owns and benefits from the establishment of these institutions. How cities acquire signature museums in order to stimulate their economic and ultimately cultural development. The museum building boom has been accelerated by what has become known as The Bilbao Guggenheim Effect . The sub-chapter investigates how Frank Gehrys museum has influenced these case studies to replicate their own Bilbao Guggenheim Effect within their cities. By putting up a museum with architectural credentials, Gehry revitalised a civic and cultural image, demonstrating that a single building could energise and enhance an entire city and region. DISCUSSION THE CONTEXT OF THE MUSEUM: INVENTION AND REINVENTION Layer upon layer, past times preserve themselves in the city until life itself finally threatened with suffocation: then, in sheer defense, modern man invents the museum. [Lewis Mumford, The Culture of Cities] These words from Lewis Mumfords The Culture of Cities depicts how the museum was manifested as a commodification of a citys overpowering history (Giebelhausen, 2003 p. 1). The design development of this building type has been changing since the museum was established in the 18th century, beginning as a space for private collections of wealthy individuals, only accessible by the middle and upper class (Giebelhausen, 2003 p. 4). Presently, the museum is a response to contemporary social change, a space that wishes to connect within its urban fabric surroundings and open to all. A museums design acknowledges the way in which it can order, store and display its belongings, the institutions relationship to a city and surrounding cultures lacks investigation, leaving questions about the museums role in an urban context (Giebelhausen, 2003 p. 2). Culture surpasses the ways in which something can be represented and housed, it can be seen as an expression of us. Today, culture is challenged i n a world struggling for established institutions such as schools, libraries etc., which often are said to lack in relation to the people (Zukin, 1995, p. 11). Museums are no longer seen as fixed frameworks, but a place for public interaction and exchange. One could consider that one of the buildings functions is to absorb the cultures within the city, and then reflect and shape this within an architectural form. The museum itself visually exemplifies its roles within a city, for instance unlocking urban memories, reconfiguring the past, aiding in touristic rediscovery and exploitation of a place to the whole urban environment, roles that challenge the museums attempt to reconnect culture and a citys built form (Giebelhausen, 2003 p. 2). There is an ability to recon a city with the use of museums, from systematically inserting them, to salvaging or reconstructing them into the urban fabric (Giebelhausen, 2003 p. 2). Therefore the museums cultural significance surpasses that of any other building types. In The Museum Transformed, by Douglas Davis (1990, p.14) asserts that, no building type can match the museum for symbolic or architectural importance because it is so often redefined due to its stimulation from cultural development. The museum can be considered as an entity that defines, represents and creates cultural trends ahead of its own place in time. As quoted from MacLeod (2005, p.1), As museums have come to be consciously recognized as drivers for social and economic regeneration, the architecture of the museum has developed from its traditional forms into often-spectacular one off statements and architectural visions. Architects persuasively argue for a new type of experience, aiming to appeal to a general a udience rather than the scholarly advisors soughing to replicate tradition (Giebelhausen, 2003 p. 3). This is an aspiration expressed from an analysis of contemporary society and its future direction, that being cultural diversity, resulting in the commissioning of strongly conceptualised museums to devote to multiplicity. As Relph (1976, p. 33) claims, for each setting and for each person there are a multiplicity of place identities reflecting different experiences and attitudes; these are molded out of the common elements of appearancethrough the changing interactions of direct observation with preconceptions. In the past however, the significance of museums were solely to serve a refined function, transcending the thinking of the scholars and academics, along with manifesting the power of a city (Giebelhausen, 2003 p. 4). Relph (1976, p. 35) provides evidence to this claim in mentioning, Public places which achieve their publicity through high imageability are not necessary innocent- their distinctive appearance or form maybe capitalised upon or even created as a statement of grandeur and authority to be regarded in awe by common people. The museum was considered a monument, take examples such as The Louvre in Paris, or the Uffizi in Florence, they are models of the grandeur museums encompassed (Merkel, 2002, p. 66), significant in urban context, deliberately chosen to emphasise a citys status, and drawing attention within a public space. Traditionally understood as temples of knowledge, the architecture itself could be said to represent the value of knowledge. This belief was prominent in the early period of museum founding where the scale of buildings also symbolised power, so much so that the museum evoked the metaphor of a cathedral. Historian Jayne Merkel (2002, p. 66) writes, Not surprisingly, palace architecture-grand, classical, urban, and horizontal-was a principal influence when the first museums were designed. But like most public buildings at the time, they were built in the classical style for other reasons as well, including classicisms associations with government, law (Roman basilicas), with the sacred (Greek temples and Italian Renaissance churches) and with the culture and art of the past. Today, the museum could be considered as a building type that satisfies a citys need for symbolic signification, and an indicator of metropolitan aspirations such as world-wide recognition. A desire to entertain and educate society, along with a sensitivity that refuses to bore, alienate or pander to the public (Zieger, 2005, p. 17). If this is the case, then the status of a great city can entail in encompassing several of these institutions, thus the spread of museums witnessed during the nineteenth and twentieth century indicating the start of city rivalry. At the start of the twenty-first century, the museum as architecture has been reinstated as an evocative entity, as opposed to decades devoted to neutral, voided spaces lacking symbolic significance and strict functionality termed as white box (Lampugnani Sachs, 1999, p. 15). Museums began to create dialogue with their content and urban context. They can be seen as similar in some ways to churches, to shopping centres and other places of gathering, but they have a function different from these examples, they contain things of enquiry. The museum has made a considerable contribution to a city, adding historic and cultural significance along with contributing to a citys metropolitan status, presumably due to the transformative possibilities of museums (Giebelhausen, 2003 p. 9). The city and its museum are in conjunction to one another, one could believe the museum is a citys method of revealing cultural meaning through its architectural forms. This belief is an advancement from the wo rds of the theorist Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, ridiculing museums as cemeteries, stating that they were truly identical in their sinister juxtaposition of bodies that do not know each other, along with a judgement that cultural institutions were dilapidating. (see Zieger, 2005, p. 7) A society today uses the museum to represent a new dynamic form of culture, reflected through an innovative physical form that is often considered a visual spectacle of the city, that one could believe draws visitors to it in theatre like fashion. Consequently it can be theorised that they are quickly becoming radical buildings constructed in a world driven by the need to address new concepts of diversity and equality (Zukin, 1995 p. 2). Rather than just cultural cemeteries piling up gilt frame paintings (Zeiger, 2005, p.11), they are spaces of social condensing- a space attempting to build a community rather than filling a city with volumes of emptiness. As Daniel Libeskind was quoted in saying its not just some sort of container, some abstract piece if glass and concrete, it is part of a communicative system. The design challenge in the multicultural growth of cities is to find an architectural expression that goes beyond the conventional, while something relevant to contemporary life. Contemporary museum design can be deemed as a physical entity of cultural trends developing within the city (Zukin, 1995 p. 2), either recognising which cultures are integrating or if the city epitomises a specific one. No matter what conclusions are drawn out from a citys cultural make-up museums are a place where people go to mix with others unlike themselves, by having a broad appeal they must aim to please a vast variety of people. Libeskind confirms this in his words, (museum) architecture is what is common between people, and what a contribution it makes to the viability of a city, and to civic space. we might as well make in inspiring environment, an environment that is more than just a shallow faade of something inauthentic. (Cathcart, 2001) To avoid the idea of an undistinguished environment is by physically fitting in the cultural identity related to the city. The museum in a physical setting is a structural body of city understanding and city change. There can be no denying the importance of its architecture in the urban environment in terms of regeneration, tourism, symbolism and so on (Zukin, 1995, p.2). Society as a whole has been persuaded that museums are agents of social economic change. There has been an unprecedented period of radical reshaping, building, rebuilding in the design of these institutions that cannot be disassociated from the drive for cultural inclusiveness and diversity. A building with space that can be considered with endless possibilities for use when escaping the straitjacket of conforming to a giving role and move into a sharing mode (MacLeod, 2005, p.25). In other words, a diverse audience needs a diversity of spaces that reflect, provoke and thrill. CHAPTER ONE : FRANK GEHRYS BILBAO GUGGENHEIM CHAPTER TWO: DANIEL LIBESKINDS JEWISH WAR MUSEUM CHAPTER 3: HERZOG AND DE MEURONS TATE MODERN LONDON CHAPTER 4: ZAHA HADIDS CONTEMPORARY ARTS CENTRE CHAPTER ONE : FRANK GEHRYS BILBAO GUGGENHEIM Frank Gehrys Guggenheim museum is acknowledged worldwide as a magnet for tourism, but can it be truly considered an expression of the Basque peoples cultural identity? Or is it just an architects expressionist gesture in an industrial city? The New York Times depicts The Bilbao Guggenheim as part of an ambitious plan to revise the city as an international centre of culture. The museum is not just a neutral container where art is stored and presented, but a place where the institution itself is in relation with the public. GLOBALISATION It could be said that globalisation creates struggle between the dominant and the dominated cultures within a society and the search for a reconstructed identity of a society. (AlSayyad, 2009, p. 22) Within the Spanish Basque region, it is evident that their identity has been burdened with tension in their attempt to stress their own regional identities and singularities from the rest of Spain (Guasch and Zulaika, 2005, p. 74). However one can argue that in this case globalisation has become a force in strengthening and proliferating a cultural identity, allowing the idea of identity to change into a more universal commodity represented by the museum itself. But how do issues of globalisation affect the architecture itself, especially in terms of the Bilbao Guggenheim? The new advances of technology, communication and construction methods create interventions for local cultures and establish the identities of a place. Gehrys use of cutting-edge computer design technology enabled him to translate his forms into reality (Chulvi, 2007) (see 1.1). Architectural statements such as the Guggenheim Bilbao are often questioned at times in whether or not they have relation to the place and identity. There could be two sides to this argument, one side could be seeking to safeguard and extend already established indigenous architectural traditions, promoting historical continuity and the preservation of identity through traditional decorative forms. The other side which is in more relation to the Guggenheim Bilbao, considers globalisation as a force that seeks to encourage invention and distribution of new forms using new materials and technology in response to changing needs to have relation to the place and identity. Gehry has been quotes in saying, Democracy is good for architecture. Pluralistic ideas are what we want presented in architecture, the lead to a visual chaos is part of our lives (Guasch and Zulaika, 2005, p. 58). There is an opportunity for growth in unique architectural forms in all of its diversity and 2903687145_5cb25af9b6 inclusivity. NATIONAL AND CIVIC IDENTITY The Basque people have been able to preserve their distinct culture and language while flourishing in an environment of globalisation, post-modernity, and European integration (Castillo, 2008). Currently, integrating the two social collectives of nationalists and non-nationalists within the region is growing (Castillo, 2008). However how does a group of people who have never had a country to call their own continue to hold on to their own cultural identity? The Bilbao Guggenheim is a phenomenon of cultural development employing the three successive phases posited by the theory of cultural epochs- a period of chaos, a period of adjustment, and a period of equilibrium in cultural change (Guasch and Zulaika, 2005, p. 74). All around the world culture operates as an engine for new regional and urban development, one could say that no strategic growth of a city would take place without the role of culture (Zukin, 1995, p.11). In the case of the Basque region, it was suffering deterioratio n caught up in a decline in inspiration along with cultural institutions progressively being abandoned. Simultaneously, the Guggenheim Foundation was in need of a new concept of the museum, capable to withstand the achievement of Guggenheim in New York, yet gaining its own recognition abroad. Co-operation between two considerably different cultures occurred in recovering the identity of a small society (Guasch and Zulaika, 2005, p. 77). As Frank Gehry himself explains , the museum embodies two different cultures, the Basque culture and American, which is considered as a melting pot used to extend its arms to everybody (Farnsworth, 1997). The Bilbao Guggenheim is proof of culture being a key strategy in not only providing a physical renewal but a new injection of self-esteem within a city and an entire region. (see 1.2) Culture in the case of the development of this building, can be seen as something essential to humankind and above all to a society in regaining values and providing a sense of identity. Rather than ignoring the cultural context of the city entirely, the fabric is restored, connecting any form of cultural isolation with the new building. The curving forms of the building glide over the River Nervion, a main bridged entry to the Spanish city, shattering strict perpendicularity and ridged geometry regularly associated with museum architecture, providing a new model of collective identification (Guasch and Zulaika, 2005,p. 42). The rejection of these norms is emphasised by the titanium cladding, making the building appear as a single entity that intertwines the city around it. Like the Basque region the building is a place of contested borders (Guasch and Zulaika, 2005,p. 42). (see 1.3) Whether Gehrys building actually erases the citys cultural heritage is debatable. Bilbao is famous for its maritime history, after Barcelona, it has Spains largest port. The Bilbao Guggenheim pays tribute to its own surroundings as it edges onto the riverfront. Its exterior sculpted out of steel, which is traditionally the main industry of the city (Guasch and Zulaika, 2005, p. 154). The museums relationship with the city is conceived as the outcome of a perceived social need, as society changes and new social needs arise, new building forms will be produced in order to fulfill that need. The Bilbao Guggenhem facilitates a complete urban facelift, a driver for the citys urban regeneration, communicating not only its importance to the city as a powerful foci, but the citys mark in the cultural world. As a result, after Bilbao every city aspires to its own Guggenheim effect the build it and they will come (Barreneche, 2005, p.6) belief is what cities have taken on for their museums after untitled STYLE AND IDENTITY OF ARCHITECT Frank Gehry is widely recognised as a North American architect whose combination of steel, high-tech and flowing designs have broken the rigid hold of rectilinear design that has dominated most of Modern architecture (Zieger, 2005, p. 8). However the question remains: is it a good idea for the city to have an international museum built by a foreign architect? Gehry was quoted as spending a lot of time trying to understand the culture and trying to understand the Basque people. He explains, I related to them because I was raised in a Jewish upbringing in Toronto, Canada, so I was an outsider into the culture when I was a kid. And I understandI empathized with this outsider role, andbut I cant put my finger on a piece of the building and say this is Basque, but they seem to think I captured their spirit. I tried to use the materials of the region to build the building. The stone in Spanish. The steel structure is Spanish. All the work people were Basque. (Farnsworth, 1997) One can assume to Gehry a rich piece of architecture would combine elements in a way that preserve the coherence of their origins. At its best, the process of gathering cultural elements and marrying them to the sensitivities of a gifted architect can result in a powerful work of architecture such as the Bilbao Guggenheim. According to the Bilbao Revitalization Plan, the natural slope running down to the riverfront was to be transformed into a green valley, but Gehry did not want to lose the industrial feel of the existing waterfront. (see 1.4 1.5) People say that the design of the museums architecture was inspired during Gehry climb up the Mundana, one of the highest mountains in the outskirts of Bilbao. Seen from the river, the building appears to take the shape of a boat paying homage to the port city that has given its home. The museums bright, shining panels resemble fish scales, reflecting the influence of natural forms and shapes. (Chulvi, 2007) One could argue that the archi tects use of abstract, free-form components from local materials are reminiscent of Modernist Spanish sculptures, a cultural aspect valued by the Basque, or how the architects design of the enormous boat-shaped gallery is a dedication toward Bilbaos past as a centre of shipbuilding and trade (Guasch and Zulaika, 2005, p. 154). Many would argue that Gehrys design for the Bilbao Guggenheim truly reflects the identity of the Basque people even though the architect himself has no relation to region. However, there is a degree of sensitivity to the regions character that can be witnessed through the architecture. The city of Bilbao places an emphasis on the institution Gehry has designed, as having an important role in defining public culture. This has been achieved through the architects process of negotiating what architectural expressions could be accepted by the people. ECONOMY AND POLITICS Gehrys museum was hailed an as instant landmark, bringing a sense of relevance to architecture in the transformation of cities. (Guasch and Zulaika, 2005, p. 7) The Basque region was in need of local development due to its rustic city appearance and distinct regional identity compared to the rest of Spain. Primarily, the Basque region was in need of distancing itself from the negativity that it was associated with, such as being recognised as a terrorist region. Bilbao, the largest city in the Basque country, is a stronghold for the separatist group ETA (Basque Fatherland and Liberty), which seeks independence from Spain through often violent behavior (Farnsworth, 1997). For the Guggenheim Foundation this was an opportunity to fund a centerpiece of huge urban renewal for Bilbao. Previous museum concepts were of a private space for seekers of wisdom, philosophers and historians. Currently the museums directors are in favor of new futuristic architectural visions that were unimaginable years before, representing a museums city and forming the basis of urban regeneration such as Bilbao Guggenheim. The titanium shapes flourish through Bilbaos dark cornices and nearby smokestacks, as Andrew Friedman (see Zieger, 2005, p. 9) explains, the nearby smokestacks and cranes; they seemto be Gehrys whimsical idea of visually rendering the tumultuous and violent process by which a once-working industrial waterfront is brought to heel-an actual enactment of the grim process that the Guggenheim makes a point of capitalising on. The capitlisation Friedman mentions is the transformation of Bilbao from living city to an architectural destination. In other words the city acquires a signature building in order to stimulate a citys makeover (Zeiger, 2005, p.9). The design of the museum is recognised as a drive for social and economic regeneration, from traditional forms, to, in this case, a spectacular one off statement that challenges architectural preconceptions and creates a visual feast while maintaining the integrity of the site. Why have contemporary museums become a favorite tool of urban regeneration and redevelopment schemes since the Bilbao Guggenheim? Referred to as the miracle, (Guasch and Zulaika, 2005, p. 7) Frank Gehrys Bilbao Guggenheim changed the face of the Bilbao city, and set up to give a new purpose to an abandoned industrial estate. Since the Guggenheim was built, Bilbao has never been the same again the museum has helped create pedestrianised areas that run from the town hall to the port on the shores of the river. (Chulvi, 2007) The answer is that museums allow an opportunity for growth in unique architectural forms in all of its diversity and inclusivity. CHAPTER ONE : FRANK GEHRYS BILBAO GUGGENHEIM CHAPTER TWO: DANIEL LIBESKINDS JEWISH WAR MUSEUM CHAPTER 3: HERZOG AND DE MEURONS TATE MODERN CHAPTER 4: ZAHA HADIDS CONTEMPORARY ARTS CENTRE CHAPTER TWO: DANIEL LIBESKINDS JEWISH WAR MUSEUM The Jewish War Museums design is so powerful that it can be considered as an artifact in its own right. Even as it was unveiled in 1999 with nothing in it, the building was said to evoke a sense of loss and dislocation inflicted on Europes Jewish population the Holocaust in World War II (Barreneche, 2006, p.121). Through the buildings brief and urban site, Libeskinds Jewish Museum echoes the history of Berlin creating an emotional effect on the visitor. GLOBALISATION Cultural identity is something people have, and a form of traditional inheritance that is shared, something that needs to be protected and preserved. In contemporary society, globalisation has been portrayed sweeping through diverse cultures, and bringing a homogenized cultural experience (Tomlinson, 2003, p. 270). However, one can argue that globalisation, instead of destroying, has become a force in creating and developing cultural identity, allowing the idea of identity to change into a more collective entity. In terms of how this relates to the Jewish Museum, the building is not just seen as a response to some traditions, it is also open to new ones, a link to the past and the future (see 2.1). The mission of the Jewish Museum, and for all new museums, is not just for the city themselves but for the wider public, in which it becomes a communal existence. Around the globe, in every corner, new museums have appeared, coming in every shape and size, appealing to various preferences (Barreneche, 2005, p. 6). As Victoria Newhouse notes (see Barreneche, 2005, p.6), One intriguing aspect of the current proliferation of museums is the museumfication of seemingly every phenomenon. The Jewish Museum is an example of this, and one could assume that through the guidance of globalisation, there are Jewish Museums in cities from New York to Sydney stemming from Libeskinds prominent Berlin museum. (Barreneche, 2005, p. 6). NATIONAL AND CIVIC IDENTITY Culture is cumulative and changing by additions of successive generations, reinterpreted from one individual or group to another. The designed environments of contemporary museums create a setting and representation of particular cultural identities. Daniel Libeskinds Jewish War Museum in Berlin encompasses these attributes, it is a building that engrains Jewish history. The design is based on a process of connecting lines between the locations of historic events and the locations of Jewish culture in Berlin. This is evident from the buildings plan with the zigzag footprint, symbolically derived from a fragmented Star of David (Barreneche, 2006, p.121). (see 2.2) The architect has created metaphors for the absence of Jewish communities in Berlin where the lines slices the plan (Barreneche, 2005, p. 121). The concepts of absence, emptiness and the invisible express the disappearance of Jewish culture in the city. Libeskind proves there is a powerful faith in the ability of people to l earn a nations history from architecture. As Russell states in the Architectural Review 1999, In this he eerily echoes the assimilated Jews of the Hitler era, and how faith in culture cost them their lives. Libeskind explains in the article, A building and a city are always present across time and history. The act of building transforms the culture of a city. Traditionally, the architectural environments of museums may have responded to a specific culture or to a homogeneous group of much smaller scale and, therefore, the resemblance of the culture to the built form was simpler and possibly consciously achieved. Relph (1976, p. 42) helps explain, the objects and featuresare experienced in their meaning and they cannot be separated from those meanings, for these are conferred by the very consciousness that we have of the objects. This is so regardless of whether we are self consciously directing out attention towards something, or whether our attitude is unselfconscious. One could believe that Libeskinds reflection or embodiment of these cultural elements dealing with Jewish identity were used consciously implemented, however to the visitor experienced unselfconsciously. In the case of the Jewish War Museum, there is a need for a wider cultural responsiveness within the architecture: the Jewish and Berlin identity. As Relph (1976, p.2) clarifies in Place and Placelessness, For each setting and for each person there are a multiplicity of place identities reflecting different experiences and attitudes. The building fosters community among people of diverse background through one shared experience. The architect intertwined the history of the Jews and Berlin by plotting the addresses of sixty key Jewish and Non-Jewish cultural s before the Holocaust who lived in Lindenstrass, the museums city site (Brawne, 2003, p. 71). Libeskind clarifies, In the structure of the building I sought to embody the matrix of connections which might seem irrational today bu t are, nevertheless visible and rationalised by relationships between people (Zeiger, 2005, p. 42). The architectural intertwining of these parallel cultural identities or parallel stories are visually connected and in the architects words, fused with the whole history of the city (Cathcart, 2001). STYLE AND IDENTITY OF ARCHITECT Daniel Libeskind who himself is of Jewish decent felt that this was not a design he had to invent or a building he had to research, but rather one in which he was implicated from the beginning, having lost most of his family in the Holocaust and himself having been born only a few hundred kilometers east of Berlin in Lodz, Poland (Libeskind, 2001) . Through the architects understanding already of the cultural identity of the city in which he was building for the building itself speaks. In Libeskinds words, because architects are not there, no curators always to explain why things are the way they are. People have to feel these things, and they have to feel them not just mentally and intellectually, they have to feel them in their bones Its what Ive built into this museum. (Cathcart, 2001) Every architectural decision made by Libeskind has referenced to the cultural identity of the Jewish and Berlin people. For instance the buildings faade (see 2.3 and 2.4), as Libeskind describes, its not just a trendy faade which looks good and then inside you find some hollow spaces, but the whole building is a plastic expression of spaces of times, shadows, ghosts, horizons which unfold in exciting ways for viewers who might not ever have heard of Berlin history, Jewish history, what it used to be like, what it might be in the future. (Cathcart, 2001) Libeskinds ability to relate to this particular cultural identity helped conceive a museum for all Berliners, and for all citizens. Bearing in mind not only those of the present, but those of the future who might find their heritage in this place. He sought to create a new architecture for a time which would reflect an understanding of history, a new understanding of museums and a new realisation of the relationship between cultural identity and architectural space. ECONOMY AND POLITICS In 1988 the Berlin Senate held the competition for the design of the Jewish Museum, for the building to be a new wing to the existing Berlin Museum (Zelizer, 2001, p. 190). One could question how the city of Berlin could invite the Jewish people back after driving them away by creating a Jewish Museum in the capital city of a nation that voided itself of Jews (Zelizer, 2001, p. 181). The task facing Libeskind was to embody the existence and recognition of the role Jewish people once played in the creation of Berlin culture within a medium like contemporary architecture. All government plans came to a halt as Berlin and Germany came to grips with no dividing wall between East and West. The museum adjoins the old Berlin Museum and sits on land that was both East and West Berlin even before the Berlin Wall fell (Libesekind, 2010). (see 2.6) Through political and cultural s expressing their support for the museum, the Parliament of Berlin overruled the Senate and work on the Jewish Museum continued (Libeskind, 2010), however altered it may be by the new realities on the ground (Zelizer, 2001, p. 190). These alterations such as the angles of the walls to be straightened were resisted at first, however Libeskind has explained, As soon as Berlin unified I straightened the walls.I did it becausethe museum has to stand and open itself in a different way in a united and wall-less city (Zelizer, 2001, p.190). What was designed while the Berlin Wall was standing would now be built for a newly reunified city. The museum is based on a public brief and that of the government. As Libeskind confirms, this is a German Jewish museum, this has a program. Its not my program, its a program that politicians, holocaust survivors, citizens of Germany have worked on for over a quarter of a century (Cathcart, 2001). The architectural references of the history had to be strong because the history of the Jewish Berlin identity itself is strong and unique. The design conceived as museum for all Berliners, with special emphasis on the Jewish elements of Berlins history, providing a voice to a cultural identity. BILBAO GUGGENHEIM EFFECT Similar to Gehry, the architect Libeskind was designing for a cultural identity that has experienced neglect like that of the Basque people, in order to restore a citys fabric. In the case of the Jewish Museum, the fabric in need of strengthening was the citys missing Jewish past. The initial intent was to communicate the tragedies that had befallen the Jewish Berlin people during the Holocaust into the context of a space for a new public. Yet, one could believe the building proved to do much more, the building may have also been a contribution in reconfiguring the city after the political event of the fall of the Berlin Wall. CHAPTER ONE : FRANK GEHRYS BILBAO GUGGENHEIM CHAPTER TWO: DANIEL LIBESKINDS JEWISH WAR MUSEUM CHAPTER 3: HERZOG AND DE MEURONS TATE MODERN LONDON CHAPTER 4: ZAHA HADIDS CONTEMPORARY ARTS CENTRE CHAPTER THREE: HERZOG AND DE MEURONS TATE MODERN LONDON The Tate Modern museum was created from the shell of the old Bankside Power Station originally designed by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott, alongside the Thames River in London. As stated in Building Tate Modern, despite its size and prominent positionmany Londoners were unaware of its existence. (Moore, Ryan, and Hardwicke, 2000, p. 19). An examples of a powerful and dramatic combination of old and new architecture. The Tate trustees saw the Bankside power station as a potential site for exhibitions, a distinctive addition to the London skyline. GLOBALISATION Cultural identity is often claimed to be lost and reinstated as a national identity (Tomliinson, 2003, p. 270). Therefore, how could an architect specifically design for a diverse city such as London? In regards to the Tate Modern one would assume that through the influence of globalisation it involves the architecture to multiplicity, rather than represent a singular notion. The Tate could be regarded as result of this, as a physical representation of an embodiment of a collective society. NATIONAL AND CIVIC IDENTITY Cultural identity is a collective property, shared with people, symbolizing belonging to either a singular urban culture or to many different cultures and subcultures. An ethnic mix has always been an essential part in Londons character with areas such as Spitafields, home to successive waves of immigrant- from Huguenots in the 18th century to a diverse Jewish population in the mid-20th century, and a sizable Bangladeshi community today (Melivin, 2006, p. 9). This introduces the term multiculturalism, a word associated with social inclusion and cultural diversity, a term that responds to individuals belonging to many cultures and people having multiple cultural identities. In the case of cities like London, cultural identity is always under development and in constant evolution, compelling culture to be represented in city structures Whatever cultural identity is, one cannot simply design for it, but only specific parts of environments for specific components of culture, (Rapoport, 1 984, p.11) therefore, cultural identity is vast, allowing for a variety of abstract representations. By discovering what manifestations of culture are observable, such as social relationships, status [and] rituals, they can be studied within a city and then integrated into the surrounding built environment (Rapoport, 1984, p.11). Today, cities like London have become more mobile and diverse, partly in fact of its inhabiting identities integrating, challenging institutions such as the Tate Modern to become more relevant embodiments that frame a vision of the city. Essentially, the Tate Modern is not architectural display but the functions and events that the architecture serves or inspires. Like a city, it is much more than a static architecture (Moore, Ryan, and Hardwicke, 2000, p. 36). Proving that the museum is not only about physical space, but the energy of ideas and emotions within. (Moore, Ryan, and Hardwicke, 2000, p. 36) One could say relevance for the Tate to its city was a chieved by the architects accepting the original edifice whilst finding new ways to enhance and utilise the building. Appropriating Londons most characteristic building type as a symbol of integration is one sign of the city itself providing the means and stimuli for multicultural activity. (Melivin, 2006, p. 15) Those who create these embodiments, the architects themselves, stamp a collective identity, developing new spaces such as the Tate Modern, for the surrounding public (Zukin, 1995, p. 3). These spaces are a physical representation of the way certain basic social functions have taken place on the same spot, (Melivin, 2006, p. 15) such as that on the streets, the bus etc. Specifically in regards to the Tate Modern, one can witness these interactions of cultural diversity in within spaces, specifically the Tates Turbine Hall. (see 3.1) STYLE AND IDENTITY OF ARCHITECT In the case of the Tate Modern, there were two architects involved with its design, both Swiss. Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meurons work is distinguished by a refusal to adhere to a single style or range of materials and details. (Moore, Ryan, and Hardwicke, 2000, p. 19) Their proposed design scheme was not about oblitering the past, since Londoners (would) still be able to recognize Gilbert Scotts power station. (Moore, Ryan, and Hardwicke, 2000, p. 19) The architects realised the advantage of the original power station, and unlike a number of other competitors who eliminated it, Herzog and de Meuron integrated the structure within the design as a vertical beacon on the London skyline. (see 3.3) Furthermore, the architects recognise that the Turbine Hall was essentially a street that ran through the building, an obvious place to make a connection between the outside and inside, something you walk through, and as something that literally attracts people, allowing the Tate to take p art in strengthening the citys existing dialogue. (Moore, Ryan, and Hardwicke, 2000, p. 38). Like a plaza or galleria, it is a space open to everyone, running like a street through the entire length of the building. The architects design encompasses a sense of integrity towards the existing London building and site, they proposed the least drastic changes to the fabric of Bankside itself (Moore, Ryan, and Hardwicke, 2000, p. 19). The transformation of the Bankside power station to art gallery is a union of old and new, where the abandoned monument has found a new role in the city of London. ECONOMY AND POLITICS Sir Giles Gilbert Scotts vast brick structure with its tower dominates the scenery on the south bank of the Thames and could be considered as an imposing structure in central London. Yet after its closure in 1981, the Bankside Power Station became invisible by the public eye and gained frequent threat of demolition. Reopening of the Bankside in May 2000 as Londons first national gallery of modern and contemporary art restores and regenerated a neglected area of the city (Moore, Ryan, and Hardwicke, 2000, p. 37). However, the Tates choice it site was met with a degree of struggle. criticsmisread the Tates intentions. The choice of an existing building undoubtedly had political advantages, as it bypassed the destructive rows that affect large new buildings in London (Moore, Ryan, and Hardwicke, 2000, p. 17). However, the choice had strong reason, a site where it would have a public presence and in a part of the city where its arrival would make a difference. (Moore, Ryan, and Hardwicke , 2000, p. 37). When the Tate Modern was being established, is was not part of the governments initiative, it was established through civic vision and public (Searing, 2004, p. 14). Further politics ensued over the fact that only one of the six final architecture participants were British (Moore, Ryan, and Hardwicke, 2000, p. 17). The Tate Modern can be considered as an aid in solidifying the city of Londons reputation as Europes leading cultural capital. More than just a physical entity, the Tate is could be regarded as a driver for urban regeneration and understanding of a city. Especially considering the new scheduled developments, one would say that the public building will act as a catalyst for the further regeneration of the Southwark. Facilitating the greater integration of the Tate Modern with its local community and urban landscape, in turn bringing substantial economic benefits to London as a whole and to Southwark in particular. BILBAO GUGGENHEIM EFFECT The Tate Modern in resemblance to Bilbao Guggenheim, had the further function of regenerating and revitalizing an entire urban area. In the Tate publication, Art Spaces The Architecture of the Four Tates, Helen Searing (2004, p. 15) states: From places consecrated to the conservation, display and contemplation of art, museums have expanded their mandate to become arbiters of value, engines of education, revitalisers of community, generators of economic wealth, sites of corporate philanthropy and reward, purveyors of entertainment, refreshment and consumer goods. On the basis of this claim since the opening of the Tate Modern it has now become the most visited museum of modern art in the world, the Tate has become global. In a local perspective, the Tate has also had an effect on its immediate environment by creating a new cultural quarter which has generated further enterprise, as well as jobs and other urban renewal projects, reminiscent of the Bilbao Guggenheim effect in the Basque country. CHAPTER ONE : FRANK GEHRYS BILBAO GUGGENHEIM CHAPTER TWO: DANIEL LIBESKINDS JEWISH WAR MUSEUM CHAPTER 3: HERZOG AND DE MEURONS TATE MODERN LONDON CHAPTER 4: ZAHA HADIDS CONTEMPORARY ARTS CENTRE CHAPTER FOUR: ZAHA HADIDS CONTEMPORARY ARTS CENTRE (CAC) The CAC is Hadids first building in the United States and the first major American museum designed by a woman. The buildings interior space embraces its urban environment of Cincinnatis downtown. The architect sought to draw the energy and activity of the city into the lobby and into its galleries. Presently it could be said that cities, more than nations are competing to attract a new image making architecture that somehow interprets national identity through its form. As a result, a sense of cosmopolitanism within cities is generated, and what arises from new and unexpected combinations of cultures and ideas provides individuals with variety (Bhabha, 2007, p. 167), in other words, the various cultures are referenced by the architects within the design form of buildings. However, this can be seen as Architects.competing to imitate each other implementing images and icons rather than sustainable concepts, processes and approaches. Major conflicts resulting from this process ignore tradition, culture, place and identity (see The Multiple Faces of Identity in the Design Environment, Hannalla, 2009, p. 72). This is when relying on a star architect, such as Hadid for the CAC, is introduced to draw global investment and global tourism. As Robert Adam states in his article Globalisat ion and Architecture (2008), the commissioning of public buildings by high profile architects is now an established marketing technique. The buildings must be in the literal sense of the word, extra-ordinary. (see 4.1) The architecture, strongly conceptual, cannot rely on any detailed study of culture within the locality, and the intention is that the building is to be an Scan0001 iconic global product. NATIONAL AND CIVIC IDENTITY Cultural identity and architecture itself can be seen as complementary, however giving an exact definition is not sought because it is still unclear exactly which aspects of cultural identity are the most important regarding built environments like museums (Rapoport, 1987, p 10). Hadids museum is a response to the civic setting of the building, she developed a concept of the urban carpet to draw pedestrian traffic in the citys somewhat declining downtown (Barrenech, 2005, p. 37.) (see 4.3). It remains certain that cultural identity creates an image, through shaping public spaces of museum spaces such as that of the CAC, for social interaction and construction of a visual representation of the city. As quoted by the director of the institution, Hadids appreciatedcommitment to engaging a diverse public is integral to her design. The brilliant result is an environment that will encouragedialogue between the city and the museum. (Bellon, 2004) The building is intended to combine the city and its people, forming a cultural nucleus within the community through the symbolic urban carpet. (Zeiger, 2005, p. 36) The faade is said to display the diversity of its surroundings, with the forms and materials picking up on the language of the city street, a busy and compacted environment, achieved with the stacked layers comprising the building (Zeiger, 2005, p. 36). These elements are what help personify the surrounding cultural identity of a city. (see 4.5) STYLE AND IDENTITY OF ARCHITECT British Iraqi architect Zaha Hadid is recognised for her building designs in the style of Deconstruction, which captures idenitity using collage to express diversity (Bhabha, 2007, p.167). The Deconstructive style of the architects design is evident within the lobby areas intent to serve as a public square, the sidewalk is pulled into the building and rises to become the back wall, creating a continuity between the outside and inside (Barrenech, 2005, p. 37) (see 4.4). One could believe that the aspiration for this architects style for the building is to identify differences that are singular, look for a connection, design systems of negotiation and find larger areas of consistency among these differentiated [identities] (Bhabha, 2007, p. 167). ECONOMY AND POLITICS The large numbers of immigrants and ideologies of multiculturalismhave forced public institutions to change (Zukin, 1995, p. 2). There is pressure and influence put on public institutions such as the CAC, forcing a necessity to diversify and expand their offerings to appeal to a broader public, in both aesthetic and economic needs (Zukin, 1995. P. 15). In the case of the CAC, the people with economic power have the utmost opportunity to shape public culture by controlling the buildings of a citys public spaces. THE BILBAO GUGGENHEIM EFFECT One could presume that Zaha Hadids Centre for Contemporary Art strengthens the citys competitiveness in relation to other cities or other institutions, an effect similar to that of the Bilbao Guggenheim. The public institution was conceived out of the social need, as mentioned the city of Cincinnati was experiencing a lack of vitality, Hadids building was about to lift the city into a higher state of notice. The appointing of another high profile architect foreign to the city could also be a contribution to stimulate the cultural development within the city. DISCUSSION So to what extent can the design of a contemporary museum reflect the cultural identity of a city? GLOBALISATION Within the case studies there has been, in one way or another, an effect by globalisation. In terms of the city of Bilbao, the Guggenheim provides evidence of globalisations affect in encouraging the invention of new forms that are diverse and inclusive. Similarly in the case of Libeskinds Jewish War Museum, globalisation, instead of being a force in erasing certain cultural identities, has in fact help develop cultural identity into a more collective entity to be experienced by all, so much so that museums such as the Guggenheim and Jewish War Museum spring up all over the world. In terms of the Tate Modern, it is an example of cultural identity being reinstated as national, resulting the architecture to be full of multiplicity rather than an entire singular notion, comparable to that of Zaha Hadids Contemporary Arts Centre. NATIONAL AND CIVIC IDENTITY Some architects aspire to link design symbolically to express a particular analysis of a society and its future direction, designing spectacular museums that are strongly conceptualised and do not rely on any detailed study of one specific culture. Take for instance Zaha Hadids Contemporary Arts Centre, which responds to movements across the citys site, interweaving them into a landscape carpet. (Barrenech, 2005, p. 37). A similar approach is seen by Herzog De Meurons Tate Modern, where the Turbine Hall is reminiscent of a street running through the entire length of the city, cementing its presence within the multicultural city of London. However this is not always the case; when considering Libeskinds bold addition to the German capital of Berlin, the Jewish Museum, the building relates and conveys the events of two cultural identities with intentional design motifs. Or Gehrys Bilbao Guggenheim which helped regain the Basque identity through its honoring of the industrial port city with its curving forms. The embodiment of cultural identity in the architecture reflects the decision about what and who should be visible and what should not in aesthetic terms. STYLE AND IDENTITY OF ARCHITECT Often times these case studies can be regarded as a star architects attempt to stamp their architectural style on a city, while having no affiliation to the cultural identity for which they are designing. Strongly evident in the case studies of the Bilbao Guggenheim and the Tate Modern. But there is no denying the physical effect the buildings represent, these public buildings manifest today from the style and identity of the architect. ECONOMY AND POLITICS Rapid urbanisation and the growth of cities are a response to social change, providing public spaces such as contemporary museums to strengthen the surrounding urban fabric. The Tate Modern for instance can be considered as an aid in solidifying the city of Londons reputation as one of Europes leading cultural capitals, or the Bilbao Guggenheim which eased the citys urban facelift. Thomas Krens (see Guasch and Zulaika, 2005, p. 56) has said, growth is almost a lawEither you grow and change or you die. This quotes helps explain the growth in the physicality of museums like Bilbao Guggenheim. Big art demands big spaces. Big spaces demand big art. Big spectacular art and architecture draw big audiences (Guasch and Zulaika, 2005, p. 56). Contemporary museums are a institutional ambition and it may be no accident that two of the most enormous spaces in Europe, the Guggenheim Bilbao Fish Gallery and the Tates Turbine Hall were commissioned by institutions in pursuit of expansion through th e development of branch museums, the Tate within Britain and the Guggenheim globally (Guasch and Zulaika, 2005, p. 56). Certainly from this, one can agree that contemporary museums play roles in the competitive struggle of cities for economic, social and cultural stakes, which have increased over the years (Guasch and Zulaika, 2005, p. 56). BILBAO GUGGENHEIM EFFECT Unlike any other structure the museum exposes its unique intentions for exhibition, preservation, education and the desire of the architect to make an aesthetic statement. Museums in different societies carry distinct origins, as evident throughout the investigated case studies, however one can believe they represent a constant source of pride for the cities in which they stand. Take for instance Gehrys Guggenheim, which one can assume is a source of immense pride for the people of Bilbao. Currently, hardly anyone remembers the early criticisms since the success of the building, and of the museum itself, is unquestionable (Chulvi, 2007). Similarly the city of Berlin takes pride in a symbol of the citys incredible cultural development in housing a museum which integrates for the first time in post-war Germany, the history of the Jews in Germany and the repercussions of the Holocaust. Nevertheless one could conclude that in many cities, major contemporary museum construction, is driven by a hunger for the Bilbao Guggenheim effect. One could speculate that in the future, their effect within a citys context will match that of the Bilbao Guggenheim. CONCLUSION In terms of the architects role in designing museums, the designs stem from the cultural identity of its city in one way or another. Through these explored studies, one can gather that some architects attempt to answer to a citys cultural identity with designs of multiplicity, rather than ignoring and/or distorting certain identities. This is evident in the study of the Tate Modern and Zaha Hadids Contemporary Arts Centre, whose deigns stimulate multicultural activity and thus are developed in more conceptualised way to represent a national identity that is evolving. However, when considering the designs of the Bilbao Guggenheim and Jewish War Museum, the designs illustrate a different degree of sensitivity to cultural identity. They symbolise certain aspects of cultural identity within the architecture. The contemporary living of cities results in the need for cultural identities to integrate more than ever before, resulting in an opportunity for architects to design for the transformation that arises in cities from existing, new and unexpected combinations of cultural identity. However this role is easier to define than their success is to measure: ultimately the case studies illustrate that the extent to which an architect can establish a design of a contemporary museum reflective of the cultural identity within a city varies. The desire for a new architectural asset to reflect cultural identity, is at the start of its life when the building is finished. After fifty, thirty, or perhaps even as little as ten years, it can become an integral part of the citys cultural identity and a source of pride for the people it represents. Bibliography Online Journals: Isar, Raj Yudhishthir., 1990. Museums in the Developing World: New Models For Many Needs. Mimar 35: Architecture in Development, [ONLINE]. p.18-20. Available at: https://www.archnet.org/library/documents/one-document.jsp?document_id=4703 [Accessed Jul 2009] Rapoport, Amos., 1987. On the Cultural Responsiveness of Architecture. Journal of Architectural Education, [ONLINE]. 41(1), p. 10-15. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1424903 [Accessed Jul 2009] Hays, K Michael., 1984. Critical Architecture: Between Culture and Form. Perspecta, [ONLINE] 21, p. 15-29. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1567078 [Accessed Jul 2009] Tomlinson, John., 2003. Globalisation and Cultural Identity, [ONLINE]. p.269-277. Available at: https://politybooks.com/global/pdf/GTReader2eTomlinson.pdf [Accessed Nov 2009] Russell, James., 1999. Daniel Libeskinds Jewish Museum in Berlin Speaks to a History That Is Both Rich and Tragic. Architectural Record [ONLINE]. p.1-3. Available at: https://www.jsrussellwriter.com/jewishmuseumberlin2.html [Accessed Nov 2009] Journals: Slessor, Catherine., 2001. Public Engagement; Evolution of Public Space. The Architecture Review: Public Engagement, 209, 36-37. Slessor, Catherine., 2008. Urbane Guerrillas: The Historic Reciprocity Between Culture and the City Can Help Refuge Architecture With A Sense of Purpose. 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Available at: https://209.85.229.132/search?q=cache:ELn5Vh7YYZ0J:cryptome.org/jya/bilbao.htm+guggenheim+bilbao+culturecd=9hl=enct=clnkgl=uk Books: Bhabha K, Homi., 2007. Intervention Architecture. London: IB Tauris. Zeiger, Mimi., 2005. New Museum Architecture Innovative Buildings from Around the World. London: Thames Hudson. Lampugnani, M. Vittorio, Sachs, Angeli., 1999. Museums For A New Millennium. Munich, London, New York: Prestel. Margolius, Ivan., 2003. Architecture Design: Art and Architecture. Chichester: Wiley Academy. MacLeod, Suzanne., 2005. Reshaping Museum Space: Architecture, Design, Exhibitions. Oxford: Routledge. Giebelhausen, Michael., 2003. The Architecture of the Museum: Symbolic Structures Urban Contexts. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Zukin, Sharon.,1995. Culture in Cities. Oxford: Blackwell. Douglas, Davis.,1990. The Museum Transformed: Design and Culture in the Post Pompidou-Age. New York: Abbeville Press. Zelizer, Barbie., 2001. Visual Culture the Holocaust. London: The Athlone Press. Barreneche, Raul., 2005. New Museums. London: Phaidon. Relph, E., 1976. Place and Placelessness. London: Routledge Kegan and Paul. Mumford, Lewis., 1970. The Culture of Cities. New York: Harvest Books. Merkel. Jane., 2002. The Museum as Artifact. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Guasch, Ana, Zulaika, Joseba., 2005. Learning from the Bilbao Guggenheim. Nevada: University Of Nevada Press. Searing, Helen., 2004. Art Spaces: The Architecture for Four Tates. London: Tate Publishing. Moore, Rowan, Raymund, Ryan, Hardwicke, Adrian., 2005. Building Tate Modern: Herzog De Meuron with Giles Gilbert Scott. London: Tate Publishing. Websites: Arts Today with Michael Cathcart. 2001. Architecture Profile: Daniel Libeskind. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/rn/arts/atoday/stories/s229284.htm [Accessed December 2009]. Think Spain. Bilbao at the Foot of a Museum By: Berta Chulvi. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.thinkspain.com/news-spain/13519/bilbao-at-the-foot-of-a-museum [Accessed February 2010]. Castillo Diaz, Pablo. 2008. At the Crossroads: Basque Nationalism and Separatism in the 21st Century.[ONLINE] Available at: https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p253242_index.html [Accessed December 2009]. Farnsworth, Elizabeth. 1997. The Beauty of Basque. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/entertainment/july-dec97/gehry_10-21.html [Accessed December 2009]. Studio Daniel Libeskind. 2010. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.daniel-libeskind.com/projects/show-all/jewish-museum-berlin/ Conferences: Architectural Design and Global Difference Group, 2009. The Multiple Faces of Identity in the Designed Environment. Nottingham Trent University 17th and 18th September 2009. School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University.

Government s Financial And Political Interests Coming...

All over the world, we have been facing challenges regarding the government’s financial and political interests coming before citizens’ rights. One of the most recent hazardous situations happened here in the U.S.A. The government failed to keep Flint’s population safe as evidenced by the poisoning of their water. Approximately 100,000 people live in Flint, Michigan according to the 2010 census (Wikipedia, 2016). It is the largest city and the County seat of Genesee County, Michigan, along the Flint River (Wikipedia, 2016). This city became an automobile-manufacturing powerhouse for GM’s Buick and Chevrolet divisions after World War II. Both companies were founded in Flint (Wikipedia, 2016). Unfortunately, the city is also known for its†¦show more content†¦Because of Flint’s financial problems, the city was under the control of a person named by the Michigan State and the most important mission was to cut expenses and save money in order to put the city back on track in its economic situation. Flint was the county that was paying the most in water, so it was decided to turn off Detroit’s system (100 km northeast) and start to get water from Flint’s River. Because of this switch in water supply, water consumption had a huge impact on the citizens’ lives. In September 2015, a citizen asked the state to test the water, which led to other inquiries from other scientists. Virginia Tech University analyzed the water and found out that the lead quantity was higher than the amount of water in proportion. The water could not even be called water anymore; they named it as â€Å"toxic water.† Meanwhile, people started to get very sick. The health services declared an emergency situation because of the high levels of lead in the population’s blood system and all the illnesses that happened after the switch in the water supply. Some of the effects of lead in the body in a long-term buildup cannot be predicted and it can remain in bones for years after exposure. Besides of the lead poisoning, glyphosate was found in high levels in food. Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide and in high levels can cause cancer. The lead exposure persisted for 17 months. Undoubtedly, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency covered up the